There are 5 clinical trials
Study AG120-C-005 is a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of orally administered AG-120. Subjects, all personnel involved in the evaluation of subjects' response to treatment (e.g., Investigators, study coordinators, study pharmacists), and designated Sponsor team members will be blinded to study treatment. Subjects are required to have a histologically-confirmed diagnosis of IDH1 gene-mutated cholangiocarcinoma that is not eligible for curative resection, transplantation, or ablative therapies prior to enrollment.IDH1 mutation testing will be performed at participating investigative sites. Subjects must have progression of disease and have received at least 1 but not more than 2 prior treatment regimens for advanced disease (nonresectable or metastatic). All subjects must have received either a gemcitabine or a 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy regimen.
3. Have documented IDH1 gene-mutated disease (from a fresh tumor biopsy or the most recent banked tumor tissue available) based on central laboratory testing (R132C/L/G/H/S mutation variants tested). --- R132C ---
Description: Method of assessment will be questionnaires. Questionnaire: EORTC QLQ-C30
Measure: Quality of Life (QOL) Time: Up to 52 weeks, on averageDescription: Method of assessment will be questionnaires. Questionnaire: EORTC QLQ-Bil21
Measure: Quality of Life (QOL) Time: Up to 52 weeks, on averageDescription: Method of assessment will be questionnaires. Questionnaire: PGI-C/PGI-S
Measure: Quality of Life (QOL) Time: Up to 52 weeks, on averageDescription: Method of assessment will be questionnaires. Questionnaire: EuroQOL EQ-5D-5L
Measure: Health Economic Outcomes Time: Up to 26 weeks, on averageThis phase II trial studies how well olaparib works in treating patients with glioma, cholangiocarcinoma, or solid tumors with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations that have spread to other places in the body (metastatic) and usually cannot be cured or controlled with treatment (refractory). Olaparib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.
Summary statistics will be reported (with 95% confidence intervals) to demonstrate mean differences in fold-change (or log fold-change) between responders and non-responders.. Inclusion Criteria: - Subjects must be able to understand the nature of this trial and provide written informed consent, prior to any study specific procedures; patients with Impaired Decision Making Capacity (IDMC) who have a close caregiver or legally authorized representative (LAR) may be considered eligible for this study at the treating physician's discretion, provided that the physician is reasonably sure that the possible risks and benefits of the study are clear and that the patient will take the drug as prescribed - Subjects must be diagnosed with a glioma, cholangiocarcinoma or other solid malignant tumor that has progressed despite standard therapy, or for which no effective standard therapy exists, with biopsy-confirmed evidence of an IDH1 or IDH2 mutation associated with neomorphic activity of the encoded proteins; patients must have IDH1 or IDH2 mutation which must be detected in a clinical accredited laboratory using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved molecular test or a validated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based assay conducted in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratory; only specific mutations that lead to a neomorphic phenotype will be eligible for enrollment, and include IDH1: R132V, R132G, R132S, R132L, R132C and R132H; IDH2: R140W, R140L, R140Q, R172W, R172G, R172S, R172M, R172K - Patients must have tumors determined to be easily accessible for biopsy and must be willing to have serial biopsies (with a third biopsy upon evidence of disease progression); in case of multiple lesions, tumor biopsies will be performed on the most accessible site of disease; all possible precautions to avoid complications will be taken, including discussions in multidisciplinary meetings, if needed; patients affected by glioma will not be considered for study biopsies - Patients must be willing to undergo extra blood sampling for correlative studies - Subjects with extracranial disease must have evaluable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1); subjects affected by glioma must have evaluable disease by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria (RANO) criteria - For subjects with glioma, specific inclusion criteria are as follows: - The disease should be recurrent or transformed glioma; subjects must not have had prior surgery (biopsy allowed) or radiation therapy within 3 weeks of enrollment - There must be an enhancing component of disease, as evaluated on pre-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - For patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade III or IV glioma and progressive disease < 12 weeks after completion of chemoradiotherapy, progression can be defined by the following set of criteria: - New enhancement outside of the radiation field (beyond the high-dose region or 80% isodose line) - If there is unequivocal evidence of viable tumor on histopathologic sampling (e.g., solid tumor areas. --- R132V --- --- R132G --- --- R132S --- --- R132L --- --- R132C ---
bosentan, efavirenz, modafinil); the required washout period prior to starting olaparib is 5 weeks for enzalutamide or phenobarbital and 3 weeks for other agents; because the lists of these agents are constantly changing, it is important to regularly consult a frequently updated drug information reference; medical reference texts such as the Physicians' Desk Reference may also provide this information; as part of the enrollment/informed consent procedures, the patient will be counseled on the risk of interactions with other agents, and what to do if new medications need to be prescribed or if the patient is considering a new over-the-counter medicine or herbal product - Persistent toxicities caused by previous cancer therapy; toxicities should have recovered to =< grade 1, excluding alopecia and stable chronic grade 2 toxicity that is not overlapping with presumed toxicities of olaparib - Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia or with features suggestive of MDS/AML - Patients with symptomatic uncontrolled brain metastases; a scan to confirm the absence of brain metastases is not required; the patient can receive a stable dose of corticosteroids before and during the study if these were started at least 4 weeks prior to treatment; patients with spinal cord compression unless considered to have received definitive treatment for this and evidence of clinically stable disease for 28 days; patients with known uncontrolled brain metastases should be excluded from this clinical trial because of their poor prognosis and because they often develop progressive neurologic dysfunction that would confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events - Major surgery within 2 weeks of starting study treatment; effects from surgeries should have recovered to =< grade 1, with the exception of stable chronic grade 2 that is not overlapping with presumed toxicities of olaparib - Patients considered a poor medical risk due to a serious, uncontrolled medical disorder, non-malignant systemic disease or active, uncontrolled infection; examples include, but are not limited to, uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmia, recent (within 3 months) myocardial infarction, uncontrolled major seizure disorder, unstable spinal cord compression, superior vena cava syndrome, extensive interstitial bilateral lung disease on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan or any psychiatric disorder that prohibits obtaining informed consent and would limit compliance with study requirements - Patients unable to swallow orally administered medication and patients with gastrointestinal disorders likely to interfere with absorption of the study medication - Women who are actively breast feeding - Immunocompromised patients, e.g., patients who are known to be serologically positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); HIV-positive patients on combination antiretroviral therapy are ineligible because of the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with Olaparib; in addition, these patients are at increased risk of lethal infections when treated with marrow-suppressive therapy; appropriate studies will be undertaken in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy when indicated - Patients with a known hypersensitivity to olaparib or any of the excipients of the product; history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemica Inclusion Criteria: - Subjects must be able to understand the nature of this trial and provide written informed consent, prior to any study specific procedures; patients with Impaired Decision Making Capacity (IDMC) who have a close caregiver or legally authorized representative (LAR) may be considered eligible for this study at the treating physician's discretion, provided that the physician is reasonably sure that the possible risks and benefits of the study are clear and that the patient will take the drug as prescribed - Subjects must be diagnosed with a glioma, cholangiocarcinoma or other solid malignant tumor that has progressed despite standard therapy, or for which no effective standard therapy exists, with biopsy-confirmed evidence of an IDH1 or IDH2 mutation associated with neomorphic activity of the encoded proteins; patients must have IDH1 or IDH2 mutation which must be detected in a clinical accredited laboratory using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved molecular test or a validated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based assay conducted in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratory; only specific mutations that lead to a neomorphic phenotype will be eligible for enrollment, and include IDH1: R132V, R132G, R132S, R132L, R132C and R132H; IDH2: R140W, R140L, R140Q, R172W, R172G, R172S, R172M, R172K - Patients must have tumors determined to be easily accessible for biopsy and must be willing to have serial biopsies (with a third biopsy upon evidence of disease progression); in case of multiple lesions, tumor biopsies will be performed on the most accessible site of disease; all possible precautions to avoid complications will be taken, including discussions in multidisciplinary meetings, if needed; patients affected by glioma will not be considered for study biopsies - Patients must be willing to undergo extra blood sampling for correlative studies - Subjects with extracranial disease must have evaluable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1); subjects affected by glioma must have evaluable disease by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria (RANO) criteria - For subjects with glioma, specific inclusion criteria are as follows: - The disease should be recurrent or transformed glioma; subjects must not have had prior surgery (biopsy allowed) or radiation therapy within 3 weeks of enrollment - There must be an enhancing component of disease, as evaluated on pre-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - For patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade III or IV glioma and progressive disease < 12 weeks after completion of chemoradiotherapy, progression can be defined by the following set of criteria: - New enhancement outside of the radiation field (beyond the high-dose region or 80% isodose line) - If there is unequivocal evidence of viable tumor on histopathologic sampling (e.g., solid tumor areas. --- R132V --- --- R132G --- --- R132S --- --- R132L --- --- R132C ---
Description: Will be determined by investigator assessment using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1) for extracranial solid tumors, Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria for intracranial glioma. Overall response rate and a 90% creditable interval in each cohort will be estimated using the approach described by Koyama. For the other solid tumors cohort, descriptive statistics and graphical displays will be used to summarize results within tumor types.
Measure: Overall response rate Time: Up to completion of course 8Description: For time to event endpoints, Kaplan-Meier curves will be used to demonstrate distributions and median estimates will be reported with 95% confidence intervals. For each cohort, graphical displays such as swimmer plots, will be used to demonstrate patterns of response, progression and death, and in the third cohort they will also indicate disease type.
Measure: Progression-free survival Time: From start of treatment to time of progression or death, whichever occurs first, assessed up to 1 yearDescription: Adverse events will be tabulated by type and grade in each cohort, and also across cohorts.
Measure: Incidence of adverse events Time: Up to 1 yearDescription: Absolute and fold changes for exploratory endpoints will be calculated between baseline and each subsequent follow-up time point. These will be displayed graphically vs. time for each cohort. Differences will be plotted vs. response status. Paired t-tests will be used to evaluate if differences between baseline and each subsequent time point are significant. Summary statistics will be reported (with 95% confidence intervals) to demonstrate mean differences in fold-change (or log fold-change) between responders and non-responders.
Measure: 2HG plasma magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) levels Time: Baseline up to post-treatmentDescription: Absolute and fold changes for exploratory endpoints will be calculated between baseline and each subsequent follow-up time point. These will be displayed graphically vs. time for each cohort. Differences will be plotted vs. response status. Paired t-tests will be used to evaluate if differences between baseline and each subsequent time point are significant. Summary statistics will be reported (with 95% confidence intervals) to demonstrate mean differences in fold-change (or log fold-change) between responders and non-responders.
Measure: 2HG plasma concentration level Time: Up to 1 yearDescription: Will be associated with differential levels of 2HG production, treatment response and resistance. Absolute and fold changes for exploratory endpoints will be calculated between baseline and each subsequent follow-up time point. These will be displayed graphically vs. time for each cohort. Differences will be plotted vs. response status. Paired t-tests will be used to evaluate if differences between baseline and each subsequent time point are significant. Summary statistics will be reported (with 95% confidence intervals) to demonstrate mean differences in fold-change (or log fold-change) between responders and non-responders.
Measure: Co-occurring alterations detected via mass cytometry (cyTOF), ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing Time: Baseline up to 1 yearThis phase II trial studies how well olaparib works in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back (relapsed) or does not respond to treatment (refractory), or myelodysplastic syndrome. Patients must also have a change in the gene called the IDH gene (IDH mutation). Olaparib may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. This study is being done to see if olaparib is better or worse in treating acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome compared to the standard chemotherapy drugs.
Only specific mutations that lead to a neomorphic phenotype will be eligible for enrollment, and include those listed below: - IDH1: R132V, R132G, R132S, R132L, R132C and R132H - IDH2: R140W, R140L, R140Q, R172W, R172G, R172S, R172M, R172K. --- R132V --- --- R132G --- --- R132S --- --- R132L --- --- R132C ---
Description: The effectiveness of the drug in patients for each cohort will be independently assessed by ORR. The exact two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the ORR will be reported. The CI based on the Greenwoods variance will be reported.
Measure: Overall response rate (ORR) Time: Up to 12 monthsDescription: Will be evaluated by MDS International Working Group (IWG) 2006 criteria (Cheson et al., 2006) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) IWG 2003 criteria (Cheson et al., 2003) after 6 cycles of treatment. Cumulative ORR will include complete remission (CR), complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi), partial response (PR), and bone marrow complete remission (marrow CR) achieved at least at one point during these 6 cycles.
Measure: Cumulative ORR Time: Up to 6 cyclesDescription: Will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with the 95% CIs. The CI based on the Greenwoods variance will be reported. In addition, the possible risk factors will be compared for survival with log-rank test. For multivariate analysis, the proportional hazards Cox model will be applied to investigate potential prognostic factors, such as age and stage of disease on the survival data. The adjusted p-values of the odds ratios and the adjusted 95% confidence interval will be reported.
Measure: Progression-free survival (PFS) Time: From first day of therapy to the time of documentation of progression, death of any cause, or last follow-up, whichever comes first, assessed up to 12 monthsDescription: Will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with the 95% CIs. The CI based on the Greenwoods variance will be reported. In addition, the possible risk factors will be compared for survival with log-rank test. For multivariate analysis, the proportional hazards Cox model will be applied to investigate potential prognostic factors, such as age and stage of disease on the survival data. The adjusted p-values of the odds ratios and the adjusted 95% confidence interval will be reported.
Measure: Overall survival (OS) Time: From first day of therapy to the time of death or last follow-up, whichever comes first, assessed up to 12 monthsDescription: Non-hematologic toxicity will be evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5 criteria.
Measure: Incidence of adverse events Time: Up to 12 monthsDescription: The Mann-Whitney U test will be used to test for differences in post-treatment plasma 2HG concentrations between patients with a response to treatment and those without. Will also test for differences in Delta2HG (defined as pre-treatment minus post-treatment plasma concentration) between patients with a response to treatment and those without. Differences with p =< 0.05 will be considered significant. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) will be calculated to determine the cutoff value of the Delta2HG difference. The optimal cutoff value will be determined at the point on the ROC curve at (sensitivity + specificity − 1) is maximized.
Measure: Change in 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) levels Time: Up to 12 monthsDescription: Will define MRD based on the variation of the variant allele frequency of the IDH1/2 mutation in the bone marrow of the patients before and during therapy. Will evaluate two different variables: MRD negativity (defined by the absence of detection of the IDH mutant in the sample) and the molecular response (defined by the log reduction of the frequency of the mutant allele). MRD negativity is a qualitative variable and will be reported as a percentage with 95% confidence interval for each time point and mutation. Will compare the different groups using a Chi-Square test. Molecular response is a quantitative variable reported as a median, min and max for each time point and we will use a student t test for the comparison of the different groups.
Measure: Minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment Time: Up to 12 monthsDescription: Will be estimated using Poisson distribution model as the fraction of positive reads divided by total reads containing a target. The limit of detection will be defined for each mutation as the mean value of IDH1/2 wild-type controls plus three standard deviations.
Measure: Mutant allele frequency Time: Up to 12 monthsIn this study, response to treatment and (progression free and overall) survival will be described and safety events of ivosidenib in combination with nivolumab will be summarized in patients with advanced solid tumors (nonresectable or metastatic) or enhancing gliomas.
- Have a documented IDH1 gene-mutated disease (from a fresh tumor biopsy or the most recent banked tumor tissue available) based on CLIA certified sequencing (R132C/L/G/H/S mutation variants tested). --- R132C ---
Description: The occurrence (number) of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) in patients receiving ivosidenib plus nivolumab. DLT describes side effects of the treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.
Measure: Occurrence of dose limiting toxicity (DLT) Time: Up to 24 monthsDescription: RECIST v1.1 Criteria:Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions. Any pathological lymph nodes (target or non-target) with reduction in short axis to <10 mm. Partial Response (PR): ≥30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters. Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum diameters while on study. RANO Criteria:Complete Response (CR):Observed in consecutive assessments ≥4 weeks apart per RANO. Partial Response (PR): Observed in consecutive assessments ≥4 weeks apart per RANO.
Measure: Best Overall Response Time: Up to 24 monthsDescription: The time from first dose of either drug until disease progression or death from any cause, whichever occurs first. RECIST v1.1 Criteria: Progressive Disease (PD):≥20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum on study (this includes the baseline sum if that is the smallest on study). The sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of ≥5 mm. The appearance ≥1 new lesion(s) is considered progression. RANO Criteria: Progressive Disease: No CR, PR, SD prior to PD.RANO Criteria: Progressive Disease: No CR, PR, SD prior to PD. Progression: 25% or more increase in enhancing lesions despite stable or increasing steroid dose, increase (significant) in non-enhancing FLAIR/T2W lesions, not attributable to other non-tumor causes, any new lesions; clinical deterioration (not attributable to other non-tumor causes and not due to steroid decrease)
Measure: Progression Free Survival (PFS) Time: Up to 36 monthsDescription: Adverse events per NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0), experienced by patients related to their receiving the treatment combination of ivosidenib and nivolumab.
Measure: Adverse Events Related to Treatment Time: Up to 24 monthsDescription: The length of time from the start of treatment that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive.
Measure: Overall Survival (OS) Time: Up to 36 monthsDescription: Solid Tumor-Progression per RECIST v1.1 Criteria:Progressive Disease (PD):≥20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum on study (this includes the baseline sum if that is the smallest on study). The sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of ≥5 mm. The appearance ≥1 new lesion(s) is considered progression. Glioma-Tumor progression per RANO Criteria: Progressive Disease: No CR, PR, SD prior to PD. Progression: 25% or more increase in enhancing lesions despite stable or increasing steroid dose, increase (significant) in non-enhancing FLAIR/T2W lesions, not attributable to other non-tumor causes, any new lesions; clinical deterioration (not attributable to other non-tumor causes and not due to steroid decrease)
Measure: Objective Tumor Progression Time: Up to 24 monthsThis trial studies the side effects and best dose of gemcitabine and cisplatin when given together with ivosidenib or pemigatinib in treating patients with cholangiocarcinoma that cannot be removed with surgery (unresectable) or has spread to other places in the body (metastatic). Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Ivosidenib and pemigatinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Giving gemcitabine and cisplatin with ivosidenib or pemigatinib may work better in treating patients with cholangiocarcinoma compared to gemcitabine and cisplatin alone.
Prior systemic adjuvant chemotherapy is allowed as long as there was no evidence of recurrence within 6 months of completing the adjuvant therapy - Molecular testing result from Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified laboratory (using fresh tumor biopsy or most recent banked tumor tissue available) confirming that the tumor tissue has at least one of the following: - IDH1 gene mutation (R132C/L/G/H/S mutation) - FGFR1, FGFR2, or FGFR3 gene alteration - Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0 or 1 - Life expectancy >= 3 months - At least one evaluable and measurable lesion by RECIST criteria prior to beginning chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin - NOTE: Subjects who have received prior local therapy (including but not limited to embolization, chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, hepatic arterial infusion, or radiation therapy) are eligible provided measurable disease falls outside of the treatment - Recovered from toxicities associated with prior anticancer therapy to baseline unless stabilized under medical management - Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mm^3 (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration) - Platelet count >= 100,000/mm^3 (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration) - Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (obtained =< 21 days prior to registration) - Serum total bilirubin =< 2.0 x upper limit of normal (ULN), unless considered due to Gilbert's disease. --- R132C ---
Description: A significant toxicity is defined as a dose limiting toxicity that is possibly, probably, or definitely related to treatment (ivosidenib or pemigatinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine). Toxicities will be assessed using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.
Measure: Incidence of significant toxicities Time: At 27 weeksDescription: Overall survival is defined as the length of time from start of study therapy to death due to any cause. The distribution of overall survival for both arms of the study will be estimated separately using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Measure: Overall survival Time: From start of study therapy to death due to any cause, assessed up to 3 yearsDescription: Progression free survival time is defined as the time from the start of study therapy to documentation of disease progression. Patients who die without documentation of progression will be considered to have had tumor progression at the time of death. Patients who are still alive and have not progressed will be censored for progression at the time of the last disease evaluation. The time-to-progression distribution will be estimated separately for both arms, using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Measure: Progression free survival Time: From the start of study therapy to documentation of disease progression, assessed up to 3 yearsDescription: The number and severity of all adverse events (overall, by dose-level, and by tumor group) will be tabulated and summarized in this patient population. The grade 3+ adverse events will also be described and summarized in a similar fashion.
Measure: Incidence of adverse events Time: Up to 3 yearsDescription: The term toxicity is defined as adverse events that are classified as either possibly, probably, or definitely related to study treatment. Non-hematologic toxicities will be evaluated via the ordinal Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) standard toxicity grading. Hematologic toxicity measures of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and leukopenia will be assessed using continuous variables as the outcome measures (primarily nadir) as well as categorization via CTC standard toxicity grading. Overall toxicity incidence as well as toxicity profiles by dose level, patient and tumor site will be explored and summarized. Frequency distributions, graphical techniques and other descriptive measures will form the basis of these analyses.
Measure: Incidence of toxicities Time: Up to 3 yearsDescription: Best Response is defined to be the best objective status recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). The patient?s best response assignment will depend on the achievement of both measurement and confirmation criteria. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria will be used for tumor evaluation and patients will be re-evaluated every prior to treatment in cycle 3 and then in odd subsequent cycles. Responses will be summarized by simple descriptive summary statistics delineating complete and partial responses as well as stable and progressive disease in this patient population (overall and by tumor group).
Measure: Best response Time: From the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence, assessed up to 3 years