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D003141 | Communicable Diseases NIH | 0.07 |
D007239 | Infection NIH | 0.05 |
D045169 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome NIH | 0.04 |
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Navigate: Correlations HPO
There is one clinical trial.
This mixed methods study was the feasibility phase of a broader intervention of research (The HERizon Project) that aims to develop a theory-based physical activity intervention targeting adolescent girls in the UK and Ireland. The design was a two-arm randomised controlled trial, comprising of (i) the HERizon six week remote intervention arm and (ii) a wait-list control arm. Block randomisation with country-level stratification was used to allocate the participants on entry. The primary outcome of the study was change in moderate to vigorous physical activity levels. Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, exercise motivation, perceived competence, self-esteem and body appreciation. Assessments were conducted pre-intervention (April/May, 2020) and repeated immediately post-intervention (June/July, 2020). As the study ran during the COVID-19 pandemic, all participants began the intervention in full national lockdowns, with all local schools and amenities being closed. Restriction began to be lifted in the last week of June in Ireland and in the first week of July in the UK, with some local amenities opening and small outside group gathering being permitted. Due to the nature of the study, participants and project deliverers could not be blinded to the assigned intervention.
Description: Moderate to vigorous physical activity was assessed using the 8-item sub-scale World Health Organisation Health Behaviours of School Children questionnaire which has been validated with adolescents. This was used to collect self-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour over the previous seven-day period at baseline and post-intervention. Girls self-reported the estimated hours they spent engaging in physical activity before school, during school, after school and at weekends. They also estimated the minutes spent in sedentary behaviour whilst watching television, playing video games or using the internet. The total hours spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity and in sedentary behaviour were then averaged across the week to find daily averages. The government guidelines are 60 minutes per day of physical activity on average across the week and two hours or less spent in sedentary behaviour.
Measure: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour Time: 6 weeksDescription: The 20-metre progressive shuttle run test (20mSRT) was used to provide an estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants ran back and forth between two markers positioned 20 meters apart at a pace signalled by an audio file on the Resistance Training for Teens (RTT) app. The test starts at a pace of 8.5 kmph and gradually increases in 0.5 kmph increments as the levels progress (pace increases approximately every minute). The test ended when the participant could not make it to a line for two consecutive beeps and the final successful stage was recorded using the app. Parents were instructed to provide verbal encouragement throughout the test with the aim of girls reaching volatile exhaustion. This test has been validated with adolescents previously.
Measure: Cardiorespiratory fitness Time: 6 weeksDescription: A 90-degree push up test was used as a measure of upper body muscular endurance. Using an audio file on the RTT app, participants performed push ups at a cadence of 40 bpm. Participants began in a high plank position (hands positioned under the shoulders, toes touching the floor, back in a straight line) and lowered themselves to the ground in a controlled manner until their arms are at a 90-degree angle from which they then pushed back up and returned to a high plank position. Parents counted and recorded the number of push ups and the test was terminated if participants could not maintain correct exercise form or voluntarily stopped. The push up test has been validated as a measure of muscular endurance with adolescents.
Measure: Muscular endurance Time: 6 weeksDescription: A standing long jump test was used as a measure of lower body muscular strength. Participants began standing with their toes behind a starting marker and then performed a long jump, jumping from and landing on two feet. A parent/ guardian recorded the distance travelled from starting marker to the participant's foot in the landing position. Participants completed this measure twice with the longest jump being recorded as the final score. The long jump test has been found to be a valid and reliable measure of adolescents' muscular strength.
Measure: Muscular strength Time: 6 weeksDescription: The Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 3 (BREQ-3) combines 19-items from the BREQ-2 , four additional integrated regulation items (validated by Wilson et al., 2006]), and one additional introjected regulation item. The questionnaire contains six subscales, ranging from amotivation, through controlled motivation (external regulation, introjected regulation) to autonomous motivation (identified regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic motivation). Participants were scored using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "Not true (0)" to "True (4)". Higher scores indicate a higher motivation within that specific sub-scale.
Measure: Exercise motivation Time: 6 weeksDescription: Body image was measured by the 10-item Body Appreciation Scale which was also scored using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Always (4)". Questions include statements such as "I respect my body" and "I feel love for my body". Higher scores reflect a higher level of body appreciation. Responses demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.94 to 0.95).
Measure: Body image Time: 6 weeksDescription: PA competence was measured by an adapted 4-item Perceived Competence Scale which was scored using a seven-point Likert scale ranging from "Strongly disagree (1)" to "Strongly agree (7)". Questions include "I am capable of being physically active regularly". Higher scores indicate a higher perceived competence in PA. Responses within our sample demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.85 to 0.91).
Measure: Competence Time: 6 weeksDescription: Self-esteem was measured by the 12-item Adolescent Self-Esteem Questionnaire which was scored using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "Almost all of the time (1)" to "Hardly ever (5)". Questions include "I feel I can be myself around other people". A higher score indicates a higher level of self-esteem. To generate an overall score for each questionnaire, questions were scored using the corresponding Likert scale and a mean score was then calculated. Responses within our sample demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha between 0.68 to 0.72).
Measure: Self-esteem Time: 6 weeksDescription: A mobile phone based pedometer app (Google Fit) was used to record participants' steps for seven-days at baseline and post-intervention. Steps for the seven-days were averaged to calculate a mean daily step score. Girls were instructed to keep their mobile phone on their person as much as possible over the seven-day period, e.g. in their pocket. Mobile pedometers have been validated in adolescents.
Measure: Daily step count Time: 6 weeksAlphabetical listing of all HPO terms. Navigate: Correlations Clinical Trials
Data processed on December 13, 2020.
An HTML report was created for each of the unique drugs, MeSH, and HPO terms associated with COVID-19 clinical trials. Each report contains a list of either the drug, the MeSH terms, or the HPO terms. All of the terms in a category are displayed on the left-hand side of the report to enable easy navigation, and the reports contain a list of correlated drugs, MeSH, and HPO terms. Further, all reports contain the details of the clinical trials in which the term is referenced. Every clinical trial report shows the mapped HPO and MeSH terms, which are also hyperlinked. Related HPO terms, with their associated genes, protein mutations, and SNPs are also referenced in the report.
Drug Reports MeSH Reports HPO Reports