Pain assessment in infants and toddlers is quite challenging since children in these populations are nonverbal or preverbal and cannot describe the presence and severity of pain that they perceive. Over the last decade, advances in the field have included the development of behavioral scoring systems for the assessment of acute pain . However, although they have been validated, these commonly used methods of pain assessment are largely subjective and rely on a highly trained observer. An objective continuous measure of pain would be an important addition to standard behavioral painscores which require nurses to monitor the child's behavioral responses.

NCT02534168

Conditions

1. Pain

Interventions

1. Device: Skin conductance monitor for measuring skin conductance

The ability of skin conductance monitor to predict post-operative pain scores, sensitivity and specificity will be measured.. Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mu-opioid receptor A118G on post-operaive pain scores. --- A118G ---

Association of the mu-opioid receptor gene A118G polymorphisms with inter-individual differences in the pain scores with standardized treatments will be evaluated.. Inclusion Criteria: - Children 0 - 3 years of age inclusive - Presenting for palatal repair (palatoplasty) - American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of 1 or 2 Exclusion Criteria: - Children > 3 years of age - On chronic pain treatment - Pre-operative use of analgesics - Allergies to any anesthetics or analgesia products - Known obstructive sleep apnea - Diagnosis of Cystic fibrosis - American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status ≥ 3 Inclusion Criteria: - Children 0 - 3 years of age inclusive - Presenting for palatal repair (palatoplasty) - American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of 1 or 2 Exclusion Criteria: - Children > 3 years of age - On chronic pain treatment - Pre-operative use of analgesics - Allergies to any anesthetics or analgesia products - Known obstructive sleep apnea - Diagnosis of Cystic fibrosis - American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status ≥ 3 Pain After standard general anesthetic mask induction, 0.5 ml of blood will be drawn for genetic analysis when the intravenous catheter is sited. --- A118G ---

Breathlessness, the sensation of breathing discomfort, is a major problem in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Breathlessness that persists despite optimal management of the underlying disease(s) is said to be refractory. Preliminary evidence suggests that a small, regular dose of morphine helps to reduce safely the sensation of breathlessness. However, this research on morphine for breathlessness has not defined the best way to adjust the dose of the medication, or refined which people are most likely to have benefit, no response or side effects. This is a randomized, double-blind phase III trial in people with COPD and significant refractory breathlessness, which will explore several important questions: - Are regular, low dose opioids (morphine) at four possible doses over 3 weeks more effective than placebo medication (containing no active ingredient) at improving breathlessness? - Does the medication have any effect on daily activity, breathlessness, and quality of life? - What are the common side effects of this intervention? - Does the benefit from the drug outweigh the side effects it produces? - Are there specific characteristics of people who are more likely to receive benefit from sustained release morphine? Participants will be allocated to receive three weeks of morphine sulfate (and laxative, docusate with senna), or placebo (and placebo laxative). The dose of morphine may be increased each week for weeks two and three. All medicines will appear the same (blinded) and neither the doctor nor the participant will know which medication the participant is receiving. Participants will have a medical interview, physical examination to collect some general health information, and baseline measurements including; daily activity, symptoms, and quality of life. A small amount of blood may be required to check eligibility. Further blood samples may be taken at week 1 and 3 to enable testing on how individuals respond to opioids, further consent will be obtained for these samples. Data on benefits, side effects, and medical care will be collected during comprehensive weekly visits. Participants will also fill out a simple diary twice daily for weeks one to three of the study, and for one day each week during an optional 3 month extension stage. The outcome of this study may enable better management of symptoms and activity in people COPD with medicines that are shown to be effective and safe.

NCT02455362

Conditions

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2. Dyspnea

Interventions

1. Drug: Morphine sulfate
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Lung Diseases Lung Diseases, Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Dyspnea

HPO:Abnormal lung morphology Chronic pulmonary obstruction Dyspnea Pulmonary obstruction Respiratory distress

From the baseline sample, the UGT2B7*2 and *28 polymorphisms, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1 5SNPs in a haplotype block), the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3B (HTR3B) gene rs7103572, and mu opioid receptor (A118G) polymorphisms will be measured. --- A118G ---

This is a study involving treatment for alcohol dependence among males of European or Asian decent. The ultimate aim of this line of investigation is to further establish a genetic link between alcohol dependence and treatment by defining an endophenotype associated with treatment response. The study consists of two inpatient alcohol challenge sessions with treatment using random assignment to either naltrexone or placebo.

NCT00817089

Conditions

1. Alcoholism

Interventions

1. Drug: Placebo Oral Tablet
2. Drug: Naltrexone

MeSH:Alcoholism

Recent work at our center provides evidence that the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene polymorphism A118G (Asn40Asp) imparts a significant change in treatment response. --- A118G ---

To further consolidate our knowledge, we wish to test the relationship between A118G polymorphism and the subjective/objective measures to alcohol among alcoholics treated with naltrexone. --- A118G ---

This work is focused on subjects of European or Asian decent as the A118G polymorphism occurs in less than 1% of those of African decent. --- A118G ---

Identification of the genetic polymorphisms that could be correlated either with a better clinical response or with a major predisposition of patients to develop tolerance and/or side effects to the treatment with morphine.

NCT01233219

Conditions

1. Anesthesia
2. Surgery

Interventions

1. Drug: morphine chlorhydrate

Assessment of the rescue doses in the two groups homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene; group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele. --- A118G ---

Valuation of the rescue doses necessary to maintain NRS<4 in the first 24 hours post-surgery in the two groups of patients, A e B. Group A: homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene (about 80%); group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele (about 20%).. Variants at the loci OPRM1, COMT, UGTs, ESR1,towards median pain measure. --- A118G ---

- Allergies to morphine and derivates Anesthesia Surgery Valuation of the rescue doses necessary to maintain NRS<4 in the first 24 hours post-surgery in the two groups of patients, A e B. Group A: homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene (about 80%); group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele (about 20%). --- A118G ---

Identification of the genetic polymorphisms that could be correlated either with a better clinical response or with a major predisposition of patients to develop tolerance and/or side effects to the treatment with morphine.

NCT01233752

Conditions

1. Anesthesia
2. Surgery

Interventions

1. Drug: morphine chlorhydrate

Assessment of the medium morphine dose (mg/kg/die)in the two groups homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene; group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele. --- A118G ---

Valutation of the medium morphine dose (mg/kg/die) necessary to maintain NRS<4 in the first 24 hours post-surgery in the two groups of patients, A e B. Group A: homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene (about 80%); group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele (about 20%).. Variants at the loci OPRM1, COMT, UGTs, ESR1,towards median pain measure. --- A118G ---

- Allergies to morphine and derivates Anesthesia Surgery Valuation of the medium morphine dose (mg/kg/die) necessary to maintain NRS<4 in the first 24 hours post-surgery in the two groups of patients, A e B. Group A: homozygous patients for the more frequent allele of the polymorphism A118G of OPRM1 gene (about 80%); group B: both homozygous and heterozygous patients for the less frequent allele (about 20%). --- A118G ---

To determine if the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism moderates the subjective-rewarding effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine in male and female smokers. The subjective effects of nicotine will be measured with a Drug Effects Questionnaire, including the ratings of "good effects" and "drug liking". We hypothesize that smokers with the AG/GG genotype for the OPRM1 A118G will have attenuated subjective-rewarding effects from IV nicotine when compared to those with AA genotype.

NCT00969137

Conditions

1. Nicotine Dependence

Interventions

1. Drug: saline
2. Drug: Nicotine

MeSH:Tobacco Use Disorder

Sensitivity to Intravenous Nicotine: Genetic Moderators To determine if the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism moderates the subjective-rewarding effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine in male and female smokers. --- A118G ---

We hypothesize that smokers with the AG/GG genotype for the OPRM1 A118G will have attenuated subjective-rewarding effects from IV nicotine when compared to those with AA genotype. --- A118G ---

primary hypotheses will test the influence of OPRM1 A118G status on subjective responses to IV nicotine, which will be measured with the drug effects questionnaire (DEQ).. null. --- A118G ---

Further, the functional OPRM1 A118G variant has been linked to rewarding effects of alcohol in alcohol users and to nicotine in female smokers. --- A118G ---

Since no previous studies examined the influence of the A118G variation on pure nicotine responses, the next logical step is to evaluate how this genetic polymorphism affects nicotine's rewarding, cognitive, and physiological effects using IV nicotine administration in male and female smokers. --- A118G ---

Pharmacogenetics has allowed clinicians to identify associations between an individual's genetic profile and his/her response to drugs. The A118G (c.188A>G)is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1). The mutated protein, N40D, appears to increase the binding affinity and potency of beta-endorphin approximately 3-fold. Individuals carrying the variant receptor gene (A118G) may show differences in some of the functions mediated by beta-endorphin action at the altered OPRM1. Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia is a commonly utilized technique for labor analgesia. Analgesia is initiated with the intrathecal administration of a lipid-soluble opioid (e.g. fentanyl), sometimes combined with a local anesthetic. The mean (± SD) duration of analgesia after intrathecal fentanyl 25 microgram was 89 ± 43 min. The ED50 of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia varies between 14 microgram to 18.2 microgram. The wide variability in the duration of analgesia, as was well the differences in ED50 may result from differences known to affect labor pain (e.g., ethnicity, parity, stage of labor). Another possible explanation for the differences in opioid requirements and duration, as well as incidence of side effects such as itching and nausea/vomiting, is that opioid responsiveness is determined by genetic variability of the µ-opioid receptor. The ED50 for intrathecal fentanyl labor analgesia was significantly lower for parturients carrying the A118G variant of the mu-opioid receptor, compared to parturients with the A118 wild type receptor. The purpose of this study is to determine whether polymorphism at nucleotide 118 of OPRM1 influences the duration of intrathecal opioid (fentanyl) labor analgesia, and intrathecal opioid (morphine) postoperative analgesia.

NCT00418015

Conditions

1. Labor Pain
2. Post-cesarean Delivery

Interventions

1. Procedure: Blood Draw

MeSH:Labor Pain

The A118G (c.188A>G)is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1). --- A118G ---

Individuals carrying the variant receptor gene (A118G) may show differences in some of the functions mediated by beta-endorphin action at the altered OPRM1. --- A118G ---

The ED50 for intrathecal fentanyl labor analgesia was significantly lower for parturients carrying the A118G variant of the mu-opioid receptor, compared to parturients with the A118 wild type receptor. --- A118G ---

SNP genotyping: For identification of allelic distribution of the A118G SNP, 20-60 ng of DNA from individuals will be first amplified by PCR (on thermocycler apparatuses equipped with a 96 well-microtiter plate block) using primers designed in the vicinity of the SNPs. --- A118G ---

This study will examine the relationship between variations in a gene called OPRM1 and the response to alcohol. The OPRM1 (Mu-opioid Receptor-1) gene helps regulate brain pathways involved in experiencing pleasure. Brain pathways use a chemical called dopamine. Different forms of the OPRM1 gene may lead to differences in how dopamine is released and subsequently to differences in a person's response to alcohol. Healthy non-smokers between 21 and 45 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical and psychiatric history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, and breathalyzer (breath alcohol test). A blood test is also done to determine the variant of OPRM1 gene. Participants undergo the following procedures in three study sessions: Session 1 " Breathalyzer test, urine test for illicit drugs and pregnancy test for women who can become pregnant. " Insertion of catheters (plastic tubes) into a vein in one arm for infusing alcohol and into the other arm for drawing blood samples. " Completion of questionnaires on how intoxicated the subject feels. " Blood draw for research studies. " Eye movement test (a visor with a digital camera tracks the subject's eye movements while he or she watches lights on a computer screen). " 45-minute alcohol infusion (up to 0,08 grams per deciliter - a level considered in most states as driving under the influence of alcohol). " Repeat breathalyzer, questionnaires, eye movement test and blood draw every 15 minutes during the infusion and again after the infusion is complete. " Subjects remain in the clinic until their blood alcohol content falls below 0.02 g/dL, determined by a breathalyzer test done every 15 minutes. Subjects can usually return home about 3 to 4 hours after the alcohol infusion stops. Sessions 2 and 3 The procedure is the same as for session 1, except subjects receive an infusion of alcohol one session and an infusion of saline (salt water) the other. Also, subjects undergo positron emission tomography (PET) scanning during the infusions. For this test, the subject lies on a bed that slides in and out of a doughnut-shaped scanner. A custom-molded mask is used to support the head and prevent it from moving during the scanning. A small amount of radioactive substance called C-11 raclopride is injected through one of the catheters to trace brain dopamine activity. ...

NCT00401999

Conditions

1. Alcoholism

MeSH:Alcoholism

OPRM1 A118G SNP, Alcohol Response, and Striatal Dopamine. --- A118G ---

OPRM1 A118G SNP, Alcohol Response, and Striatal Dopamine This study will examine the relationship between variations in a gene called OPRM1 and the response to alcohol. --- A118G ---

A functional mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alters the affinity of the mu-opioid receptor for its endogenous ligand, is in some studies associated with increased risk for alcohol and heroin addiction, and confers differential pain sensitivity and subjective responses to alcohol. --- A118G ---

This prompts the question whether the differential subjective response to alcohol observed as a function of the OPRM1 A118G genotype reflects differential activation of the mesolimbic DA release. --- A118G ---

The objective of this study is to examine the role of the A118G OPRM1 polymorphism for responses to a highly standardized intravenous alcohol challenge, with regard to psycho-physiological variables measured in the laboratory, and for brain dopamine release measured by 11C raclopride PET. --- A118G ---

The aims of the study are to test for treatment outcome differences in alcohol dependent subjects randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with NTX (50mg/day) or placebo among those with one or two copies of the Asp40 allele of the mu-opioid receptor compared to those homozygous for the Asn40 allele. Thus, the design of the study is a 2X2 cell double-blind randomization to NTX or placebo stratified by genotype. To meet these aims, 150 alcohol dependent outpatients with one or two copies of the Asp40 variant of the mu-opioid receptor and 190 subjects homozygous for the Asn40 variant will be recruited across the four participating sites.

NCT00831272

Conditions

1. Alcohol Dependence

Interventions

1. Drug: naltrexone
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Alcoholism

Recent work at our center provides evidence that the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene polymorphism A118G (Asn40Asp) imparts a significant change in treatment response. --- A118G ---

To further consolidate our knowledge, we wish to test the relationship between A118G polymorphism and the response to treatment with naltrexone. --- A118G ---

This work is focused on subjects of European or Asian descent as the A118G polymorphism occurs in less than 1% of those of African descent. --- A118G ---

Pain is a complex experience influenced by gender and genetics, and, by psychosocial and sensory experiences. Pain sensitivity is thus highly variable between individuals. In the present study we evaluate individuals´ pain perception in response to a number of different pain stimuli in 100 healthy volunteers (50 females and 50 males). The data will allow us to assess pain sensitivity, to predict pain responses and to investigate gender related differences in pain perception. A second aim is to evaluate the robustness of the different pain-tests since the tests are repeated with an interval of 2-4 weeks.

NCT01345877

Conditions

1. Healthy Volunteers Are Studied

Interventions

1. Procedure: first degree cutaneous burn injury

MeSH:Hypersensitivity

HPO:Allergy

A118G SNP. --- A118G ---

Psychophysical assessments following induction of a first degree burn injury (47.0 C, 420 s, 12.5 sq.cm, lower leg) include: - pain during induction of burn injury - thermal thresholds - tactile thresholds - electrical thresholds - areas of secondary hyperalgesia - pressure algometric assessments - assessment of Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) efficiency - assessment of (DNIC) using cold pressor test Psychological assessments include: - HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) - PCS (Pain Catastrophizing Scale) - vulnerability score Genetics include: - A118G SNP Demographics include: - gender - height - weight --- A118G ---

This investigation will be the first study assessing genetic modulation of naltrexone's NTX effects upon the abuse liability of a stimulant drug (methamphetamine). The study team will assess the ability of oral NTX to block the reinforcing and positive subjective effects of intranasal (IN) methamphetamine (30mg/70kg). This investigation could identify an important Gene x Pharmacological interaction, contributing to the personalization of stimulant abuse pharmacotherapy.

NCT03226223

Conditions

1. Substance Use Disorders
2. Methamphetamine Abuse

Interventions

1. Drug: Intranasal Methamphetamine

MeSH:Substance-Related Disorders

Substance Use Disorders Methamphetamine Abuse Substance-Related Disorders A recent meta-analysis concluded that the OPRM1 A118G SNP (rs1799971) significantly moderates the treatment efficacy of Naltrexone (NTX) in treating alcohol abuse, increasing the treatment efficacy by over 2-fold among G-allele carriers (AG/GG). --- A118G ---

Medication effects on these validated predictors of abuse potential will be compared between A118G A allele homozygotes (AA) and G-allele carriers (AG/GG; an anticipated 25% of the total sample), in order to assess genetic moderation of treatment outcome. --- A118G ---

Despite preclinical evidence supporting the role of the endogenous opioid system in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, the efficacy of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) as a tobacco dependence treatment remains unresolved. Research is needed to identify those smokers for whom NTX will have the strongest beneficial effects on smoking behavior. The research bridges existing knowledge of genetic, pharmacologic, and behavioral responses to nicotine, and translates this knowledge to treatment for tobacco dependence. The immediate goal was to test whether genetic variation in the mu-opioid receptor gene predicts the effects of naltrexone (NTX) on nicotine reinforcement.

NCT00270231

Conditions

1. Tobacco Dependence

Interventions

1. Drug: Naltrexone
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Tobacco Use Disorder

A key question was whether smokers differ in their responses based on the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) Asn40Asp (A118G) variant. --- Asn40Asp --- --- A118G ---

Thirty-two healthy volunteers will be submitted to experimental pain and on the 2 study days receive Oxycodone 20 mg po vs. placebo. Half of the volunteers will be poor metabolizers according to CYP2D6 genotype and half will be extensive metabolizers (EM) and have an enzyme with normal function. The study hypothesis is that PM will experience less pain relief than EM.

NCT00271973

Conditions

1. Healthy

Interventions

1. Drug: Oxycodone

Among these are the A118G SNP in the μ-receptor gene OPRM1 and the C3435T and G2677T/A SNPs in the MDR-1 gene of P-glycoprotein. --- A118G ---

Patients undergoing surgery (thyroidectomy and hysterectomy) will postoperatively receive oxycodone intravenously (IV) as pain management with morphine as an escape medicine, if there is insufficient pain relief with oxycodone. Patients' pain and side effects will be registered and after 24 hours they will answer a questionnaire. All included patients will be genotyped accordingly to CYP2D6 and relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and measures of plasma levels of oxycodone will be performed.

NCT00260260

Conditions

1. Postoperative Pain

Interventions

1. Drug: Oxycodone

MeSH:Pain, Postoperative

Among these are the A118G SNP in the μ-receptor gene OPRM1 and the C3435T and G2677T/A SNPs in the MDR-1 gene of P-glycoprotein. --- A118G ---

Background: - Small differences in genes may alter responses to drugs. One gene that has different forms is the mu opioid receptor gene. People with one form of this gene are more sensitive to alcohol. People with a different form are sometimes more sensitive to pain. Morphine and other prescription pain pills produce pain relief by acting at the mu opioid receptor. Researchers want to see the effect of morphine on brain reward and subjective effects. Morphine is a strong but short-acting pain medication that is sometimes used for anesthesia during surgery. Objectives: - To compare the effect of morphine on brain measures of dopamine release using imaging. Eligibility: - Individuals between 21 and 55 years of age who have previously taken pain pills prescribed to treat pain from a medical or dental procedure. Design: - This study has a screening phase and a study phase. The screening phase involves one or two visits of 5 to 6 hours. The study phase consists of 4 study visits. Each study visit will take about 8 hours. - Participants will be screened with a medical and psychiatric history and physical exam. They will be asked about drinking and drug-taking history, and any family history of alcoholism or drug abuse. Blood, urine, and breath samples will be collected. - During the first study visit, an MRI scan may be performed, questionnaires completed, and a blood sample collected for genetic testing. - During study visit 2, participants will test their pain sensitivity by placing one hand in cold water. Pupil diameter will be measured after the sensitivity test. After a blood sample is taken, participants will receive the morphine or a salt solution. The sensitivity test and pupil diameter test will be repeated. Final blood samples will be collected. A brief physical exam will also be performed. - During study visits 3 and 4, participants will receive morphine or a salt solution during a PET scan. Questionnaires to assess subjective effects will be administered. Final blood samples will be collected. A brief physical exam will also be performed. - Participants will stay in the clinic until the effects of the drug have worn off after study visits 2, 3, and 4. - About 1 week after the study session, participants will have a follow-up phone call.

NCT01878006

Conditions

1. Polymorphism-Genetic
2. Pain
3. Addiction

Interventions

1. Drug: Morphine
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Behavior, Addictive

HPO:Addictive behavior

OPRM1 A118G SNP Effect on Striatal Dopamine Response to an IV Opiate. --- A118G ---

A functional µ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with increased risk for heroin addiction in some studies. --- A118G ---

The objective of this study is to examine the role of the A118G OPRM1 polymorphism for responses to a challenge of an opiate (morphine) with regard to psycho-physiological variables measured in the laboratory and for brain dopamine release measured by [11C]raclopride PET. --- A118G ---

Caesarean delivery under general anaesthesia (GA) carries nowadays still 25% risk of insufficient depth of anaesthesia in a time before the fetus delivery. The reason is the lack of opioid administration. Opioids easily cross placental barrier and negatively influence newborn postpartum adaptation by respiratory depression. Introduction to GA is thus accompanied by exaggerated autonomic stress reaction with hypertension and tachycardia. The use of ultra-short acting opioid remifentanil should suppress stress response in mother without increasing the risk for newborn. There are only a few clinical data available. This study will be the first one systematically studying the influence of remifentanil in pregnant women with hypertension on hemodynamic stability and newborns safety. This study will also identify potential pharmacogenetic factors of individual variability in remifentanil response with respect of drug efficacy and safety in mother and newborn.

NCT01550640

Conditions

1. Pregnancy
2. Cesarean Delivery
3. General Anesthesia

Interventions

1. Drug: Remifentanil

MeSH:Hypertension

HPO:Hypertension

Method for assessment of opioid receptor polymorphism (A118G) will be implemented during the first year of the study. --- A118G ---

A total of at least 48 healthy subjects with a history of social drinking will be recruited into this single-centre, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Subjects will be genetically stratified to result in equal numbers of A118G 'AA' homozygotes (n=24) and A118G 'G' carriers (n=24). Subjects will participate in all three treatment periods and will be randomized to receive each of the following for 5 days: Treatment A: Placebo, Treatment B: Naltrexone (NTX) 50 mg once daily (25 mg once daily for the first two days) and Treatment C: GSK1521498 10 mg once daily. A washout period will be of at least 14 days between treatments. Subjects will return for a follow-up visit 7-10 days after the final treatment session washout period has been completed. Subjects will attend the clinical research unit on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 to monitor safety and tolerability for both drugs. Subjects will attend the clinical unit on days 4 and 5 for a two day assessment, using a series of pharmacodynamic measurements known to be sensitive to the effects of GSK1521498 and/or NTX: Functional brain response to alcohol and food cues; plasma cortisol; hedonic and consummatory eating behaviors; subjective response to an ethanol challenge; experimental pain threshold; and cognitive tests of attention bias towards alcohol and food cues.

NCT01738867

Conditions

1. Alcoholism

Interventions

1. Drug: GSK1521498
2. Drug: Naltrexone (NTX)
3. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Alcoholism

A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Influence of the A118G Polymorphism in the mu Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) on Effects of GSK1521498 and Naltrexone on Physiological and Behavioural Markers of Brain Function in Healthy Social Drinkers. --- A118G ---

To Evaluate the Influence of the A118G Polymorphism in the mu Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) on Effects of GSK1521498 and Naltrexone on Physiological and Behavioural Markers of Brain Function in Healthy Social Drinkers A total of at least 48 healthy subjects with a history of social drinking will be recruited into this single-centre, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. --- A118G ---

Subjects will be genetically stratified to result in equal numbers of A118G 'AA' homozygotes (n=24) and A118G 'G' carriers (n=24). --- A118G ---

Subjects will be genetically stratified to result in equal numbers of A118G 'AA' homozygotes (n=24) and A118G 'G' carriers (n=24). --- A118G --- --- A118G ---

To test that the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism modulates the effects of GSK1521498 10 mg on brain reward function and processing. --- A118G ---

Plasma cortisol concentrations will be measured under fasting conditions to test that the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism modulates the effect of GSK1521498 10mg on plasma cortisol. --- A118G ---

Pain is the most common complaint for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Inadequate pain relief is also a common problem in ED. Patients' pain perceptions and responses to intravenous opioids vary widely and are influenced by multiple factors. The objective of the current study is to examine the association between total body weight, BMI (body mass index) and clinical response to a fixed dose of intravenous hydromorphone.

NCT01675778

Conditions

1. Pain

Interventions

1. Drug: Hydromorphone

MeSH:Acute Pain

The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.. Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Receptor (OPRM1, A118G) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity. --- A118G ---

Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid receptor (OPRM1, A118G). --- A118G ---

This is a multi-center prospective comparative cohort study examining the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenomics of naltrexone for pregnant women with opioid use disorder. Pregnancy, delivery, and maternal and infant outcomes to 12 months post-delivery will be examined and compared with a cohort treated with buprenorphine/naloxone.

NCT03718104

Conditions

1. Opioid-use Disorder
2. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
3. Pregnancy, High Risk
4. Alcohol Use Disorder

Interventions

1. Other: Pharmacokinetic analysis
2. Other: Safety and Efficacy
3. Genetic: Genetic and epigenetic analysis
4. Other: Breast milk analysis

MeSH:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Disease Alcoholism

Mothers will be genotyped for the ORPM1 A118G SNP at 36 weeks gestation from a blood sample to see if genotype is associated with treatment response and risk for relapse.. Maternal saliva OPRM1 methylation status. --- A118G ---

This study will elucidate the pharmacogenetic effects of the Asn40Asp SNP of the OPRM1 gene on biobehavioral and neural markers of response to naltrexone in individuals of East Asian descent, an ethnic group most likely to express the positive predictive allele.

NCT02026011

Conditions

1. Alcohol Use Disorder

Interventions

1. Drug: Naltrexone
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Alcoholism Alcohol Drinking

Inclusion Criteria: - current (i.e., past month) alcohol dependence - East Asian ethnicity (i.e., Chinese, Korean, or Japanese) - Prospective genotyping for the A118G SNP of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene to allow for balanced groups on all three genotypes (AA, AG, GG) Exclusion Criteria: - lifetime DSM-IV of drug dependence (other than alcohol or nicotine) - current use of psychoactive drugs as determined by self-reports and verified using toxicology testing - lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder or any psychotic disorder - contraindications to an MRI scan (including left handedness) Inclusion Criteria: - current (i.e., past month) alcohol dependence - East Asian ethnicity (i.e., Chinese, Korean, or Japanese) - Prospective genotyping for the A118G SNP of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene to allow for balanced groups on all three genotypes (AA, AG, GG) Exclusion Criteria: - lifetime DSM-IV of drug dependence (other than alcohol or nicotine) - current use of psychoactive drugs as determined by self-reports and verified using toxicology testing - lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder or any psychotic disorder - contraindications to an MRI scan (including left handedness) Alcohol Use Disorder Alcoholism Alcohol Drinking Recent pharmacogenetic studies have advanced the gene coding for µ-opioid receptors (OPRM1) gene as a potential moderator of responses to naltrexone. --- A118G ---

Inclusion Criteria: - current (i.e., past month) alcohol dependence - East Asian ethnicity (i.e., Chinese, Korean, or Japanese) - Prospective genotyping for the A118G SNP of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene to allow for balanced groups on all three genotypes (AA, AG, GG) Exclusion Criteria: - lifetime DSM-IV of drug dependence (other than alcohol or nicotine) - current use of psychoactive drugs as determined by self-reports and verified using toxicology testing - lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder or any psychotic disorder - contraindications to an MRI scan (including left handedness) Inclusion Criteria: - current (i.e., past month) alcohol dependence - East Asian ethnicity (i.e., Chinese, Korean, or Japanese) - Prospective genotyping for the A118G SNP of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene to allow for balanced groups on all three genotypes (AA, AG, GG) Exclusion Criteria: - lifetime DSM-IV of drug dependence (other than alcohol or nicotine) - current use of psychoactive drugs as determined by self-reports and verified using toxicology testing - lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder or any psychotic disorder - contraindications to an MRI scan (including left handedness) Alcohol Use Disorder Alcoholism Alcohol Drinking Recent pharmacogenetic studies have advanced the gene coding for µ-opioid receptors (OPRM1) gene as a potential moderator of responses to naltrexone. --- A118G --- --- A118G ---

The purpose of this study is to determine if non-invasive salivary genetic screening of breastfeeding mothers taking codeine will allow for the successful identification of mother-infant pairs susceptible to adverse events and to prevent these adverse events by personalizing their medication to their genetics.

NCT01050400

Conditions

1. Cytochrome P450 2D6 Ultra-rapid Metabolism

Interventions

1. Genetic: Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genetic screening.

MeSH:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Incidence of the A118G polymorphism in the opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) which has been associated with reduced response to morphine treatment.. null. --- A118G ---

Breathlessness is an overwhelming symptom affecting tens of thousands of Australians every day. For many people, it persists even when all the underlying causes have been optimally managed (chronic breathlessness). In these circumstances, it often occurs at rest or with minimal exertion. Evidence from a number of clinical studies suggests that a small, regular dose of morphine helps to reduce safely the sensation of breathlessness. However, it is not well established which patients derive more benefit and what is the net clinical effect of this treatment (weighing benefits and harms). This is a phase III, multi-site, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe chronic breathlessness which will explore several important questions: - Are regular, low doses of morphine at four possible doses over 3 weeks more effective than placebo at improving breathlessness? - Does increasing the dose in people who already are experiencing some benefit provide even greater reduction in worst breathlessness? - Does the medication have any effect on daily activity and quality of life? - What are the common or serious side effects of this intervention? - Does the benefit from the medication outweigh the side effects it produces? - Are there specific characteristics of people who are more likely to receive benefit from extended release morphine? Participants will receive once daily extended release morphine (plus laxative, docusate with senna), or placebo (placebo laxative) in addition to their usual medication for up to 3 weeks at increasing doses. Participants will have a medical interview and physical examination to collect some general health information, and baseline measurements including; daily activity, symptoms, and quality of life. A small amount of blood may be required to check eligibility. Further blood samples may be taken at week 1 and 3 to enable testing on how individuals respond to opioids, further consent will be obtained for these samples. Data on benefits, side effects, and medical care will be collected during comprehensive weekly visits. Participants will also fill out a simple diary twice daily for weeks one to three of the study, and for one day each week during an optional 6 month extension stage. The outcome of this study may enable better management of symptoms and activity in people COPD with medicines that are shown to be effective and safe.

NCT02720822

Conditions

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2. Dyspnea

Interventions

1. Drug: Placebo
2. Drug: Morphine Sulfate
3. Drug: Plus laxative (Docusate with senna)
4. Drug: Plus placebo laxative
5. Device: FitBit charge HR (Accelerometer)

MeSH:Lung Diseases, Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Dyspnea

HPO:Chronic pulmonary obstruction Dyspnea Pulmonary obstruction Respiratory distress

Pharmacogenetic opioid profile - Mu receptor (A118G) polymorphism. --- A118G ---

The baseline blood samples will be analysed to detect the presence of Mu receptor (A118G) polymorphism. --- A118G ---

A substantial body of evidence implicates the endogenous opioid system, and the mu opioid receptor (MOR) in particular, in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, including nicotine. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1 Asp40) is associated with the ability to quit smoking, as well as nicotine reward and withdrawal symptoms. However, the precise mechanism through which this SNP influences nicotine dependence remains unresolved. This positron emission tomography (PET) study will examine whether this OPRM1 SNP alters MOR binding in response to nicotine in human smokers. Specifically, we will use [11 C]carfentanil PET imaging to assess the effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine versus saline (within-subject) on MOR binding potential in 24 chronic smokers genotyped prospectively and stratified by OPRM1 genotype.

NCT01040338

Conditions

1. Nicotine Dependence

Interventions

1. Drug: Nicotine

MeSH:Tobacco Use Disorder

Functional Characterization of OPRM1 A118G in Nicotine Dependence: IV Nicotine Study. --- A118G ---

Using theTEMA (test system for development of medications for alcoholism) it can be shown, that naltrexone administration reduces the willingness to perform work for alcohol infusion in a laboratory experiment.

NCT02652585

Conditions

1. Alcoholism

Interventions

1. Drug: Naltrexone
2. Drug: Placebo

MeSH:Alcoholism

Secondary objectives: - administration of naltrexone in comparison to placebo leads to a reduction of alcohol craving and real-life drinking - administration of naltrexone in comparison to placebo leads to reduction of the CDT-Level - administration of naltrexone in comparison to placebo leads to a change in perception of subjective alcohol effects - the effectiveness of naltrexone can be predicted by the A118G polymorphism of the OPRM1 - administration of naltrexone changes the baseline and alcohol-induced ability of motor inhibition - administration of naltrexone changes the baseline and alcohol-induced regional cerebral perfusion - administration of naltrexone changes the baseline and alcohol-induced cerebral resting state activity - changes of alcohol effects to the brain activity induced by naltrexone in comparison to placebo correlate with effects of naltrexone on the willingness to work for alcohol self-administration --- A118G ---

The purpose of this study is to determine whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals will use less methamphetamine when treated with naltrexone. The study will also investigate whether individuals with the mu opioid receptor gene variant A118G will use less methamphetamine than individuals without A118G.

NCT00984360

Conditions

1. Methamphetamine Dependence

Interventions

1. Drug: Naltrexone

MeSH:Behavior, Addictive

HPO:Addictive behavior

A Pilot Trial of Naltrexone for Methamphetamine Addiction - Role of the A118G SNP. --- A118G ---

The study will also investigate whether individuals with the mu opioid receptor gene variant A118G will use less methamphetamine than individuals without A118G. --- A118G ---

The study will also investigate whether individuals with the mu opioid receptor gene variant A118G will use less methamphetamine than individuals without A118G. --- A118G --- --- A118G ---

Drug therapy in patients with chronic low back pain is a major challenge for physicians. One of the problems is the lacking knowledge in prediction of drug efficacy in a chosen patient. Usually one of the classes of pain medication is given to patients with a similar clinical picture, although different pain mechanisms may be responsible for this clinical picture. Another reason for variable drug efficacy are genetic polymorphisms, this may be the reason why an unique drug produces different responses (from a lacking analgesic effect up to excessive effect or side-effects. Quantitative sensory testing is a method that documents alterations in the pain perception system. Linking genetic polymorphisms to quantitative sensory testing may give us a tool for anticipation of drug efficacy.

NCT01179828

Conditions

1. Low Back Pain

Interventions

1. Drug: Oxycodone 15mg
2. Drug: Clobazam
3. Drug: Imipramine
4. Drug: Tolterodine

MeSH:Back Pain Low Back Pain

HPO:Back pain Low back pain

Methods Quantitative sensory testing: Heat pain threshold and tolerance, Ice water testing with central modulation of nociceptive input (DNIC), electrical pain detection and temporal summation (skin probe), pressure algometry with pain detection and threshold Drugs investigated: Imipramine, Oxycodone, Clobazam Blood samples: pharmacogenetics: Cytochrome variants CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, COMT haplotypes, CGH-1 variants, A118G of mu opioid receptor gene variants pharmacokinetics: kinetics of imipramine and desipramine --- A118G ---

The present clinical trial randomized will be to assess the link between the different haplotypes of CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 genes and the clinical efficacy of ibuprofen after lower third molar extractions. Onset, duration of postoperative analgesia, duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding, hemodynamic parameters, postoperative mouth opening and wound healing at the 7th postoperative day were evaluated. For this purpose, 200 healthy volunteers underwent removal of one lower third molar, under local anesthesia with articaine 4% (1:200,000 adrenaline) will be genotyped and phenotyped for these genes and their postoperative records with all data collected will be compared with the haplotypes found in the Brazilian population.

NCT03169127

Conditions

1. Pain
2. Other Surgical Procedures
3. Impacted Third Molar Tooth

Interventions

1. Drug: Ibuprofen 600 mg

MeSH:Tooth, Impacted

HPO:Impacted tooth

We will evaluate also the relationship between the different haplotypes of OPRM1 gene (SNP A118G), the salivary concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-±), and preoperative conditioned pain modulation. --- A118G ---

Background: Drugs like nalmefene interfere with opioid receptors. This might reduce drinking. The gene OPRM1 determines opioid receptor functions. Researchers want to see if nalmefene affects people s responses to alcohol cues. They also want to compare how nalmefene affects people with different forms of OPRM1. Objectives: To test nalmefene s effects on alcohol self-infusion and responses to alcohol cues. To test the role of different forms of OPRM1 on these effects. Eligibility: Healthy heavy drinkers ages 21 60: Women: over 15 drinks weekly Men: over 20 drinks weekly Design: Participants will be screened with: Medical history Physical exam Heart, blood, and urine tests Questionnaires Participants will have three 10-hour visits and one 2-hour follow-up visit. They will take a taxi. Visits are about 1 week apart. Before visits, participants cannot drink alcohol for 1 day or take medicine for 3 days. All study visits: Questionnaires Heart monitor Two-hour alcohol session: A needle guides a thin plastic tube into a vein in each arm. One tube receives alcohol. The other draws blood. Participants give themselves alcohol by pressing a button on a computer. Relaxing at the center until breath alcohol falls below 0.02 percent, or for 3 hours. Visits 2 and 3: Swallowing nalmefene or placebo. One-hour brain MRI: Participants lie on a table with a coil on their head. They press buttons in response to computer cues. Follow-up visit: participants will discuss their drinking habits.

NCT02639273

Conditions

1. AUD

Interventions

1. Drug: Nalmefene
2. Other: Placebo

MeSH:Alcoholic Intoxication

Genetic variation at the micro-opioid receptor gene locus, OPRM1, specifically the A118G polymorphism, is associated with differential subjective responses to alcohol. --- A118G ---

Further, the A118G polymorphism has been shown to moderate the effect of opioid receptor modulators on alcohol consumption. --- A118G ---

However, the role of A118G on nalmefene s effectivenes, and the neural substrates underlying nalmefene s therapeutic effect remain to be explored in humans. --- A118G ---

Objective: To evaluate the effect of nalmefene on alcohol self-infusion and neural response to alcohol cues in healthy male and female heavy drinkers, and to examine the role of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism on this effect. --- A118G ---

Background: - Tobacco smoking is one of the most preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, but the addictive property of nicotine is such that fewer than 10 percent of people who attempt to quit smoking remain tobacco-free after 1 year. Researchers are studying the addictive properties of nicotine in an attempt to develop more successful medication therapies for smoking cessation. - Nicotine acts on chemical receptors in the brain, including opioid receptors that affect the perception of pain. Repeated nicotine administration can cause adaptations in the brain s opioid receptors, which heightens the addictive properties of nicotine and increases the likelihood and severity of withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation. Researchers are interested in using positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to study brain chemical responses to nicotine in current smokers and nonsmokers. Objectives: - To study brain chemical activity related to cigarette smoking and nicotine administration. - To compare the brain chemical activity of current daily smokers with that of nonsmokers. Eligibility: - Individuals 21 to 50 years of age who are either current smokers (10 to 25 cigarettes daily for at least 2 years) or have had some exposure to tobacco but have never smoked regularly (may have had a maximum of 20 cigarettes in their lifetime and none in past year). Design: - Eligible participants will undergo initial medical and psychological screening and neuropsychological testing before beginning the main phase of the study. Participants will be required to abstain from alcohol and drugs (except caffeine, nicotine, and prescription drugs) for 24 hours before each session, and smokers will refrain from smoking after midnight on the night before each session. - Session 1: Participants will answer questions about nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms, followed by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to provide baseline information about brain activity. - Session 2 and 3: Participants will answer questions about nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms, and then will smoke one cigarette (either active nicotine or placebo). Researchers will document participants consumption of the cigarette. After the cigarette is smoked, participants will have a PET scan. Blood samples will be drawn during the PET session.

NCT00618631

Conditions

1. Substance-related Discorder

Interventions

1. Drug: Nicotine
2. Drug: Carfentanil

Outcome Measures: 1) displacement [(11)C]carfentanil binding, secondary to the release of endorphins by nicotine; 2) upregulation of [(11)C]carfentanil specific binding in smokers compared with nonsmokers; 3) [(11)C]carfentanil specific binding as a function of the mu-opioid receptor A118G polymorphism; and 4) correlation between self-report measures of nicotine effect and [(11)C]carfentanil binding profile. --- A118G ---