Primary Outcomes

Description: Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 30 Minutes Post-treatment

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 30 Minutes Post-treatment

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Secondary Outcomes

Description: Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 15 Minutes Post-treatment

Time: 15 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Participant's satisfaction with their treatment were assessed by self-report. After treatment, participants were asked "How satisfied are you with the result of your pain treatment today?" and they were told to pick their satisfaction level from "very dissatisfied," "dissatisfied," "uncertain," "satisfied," and "very satisfied." Participants at each level is reported.

Measure: Pain Treatment Satisfaction Levels as Assessed by Self-report

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Opioids can induce respiratory depression, which could lead to low oxygen saturation level. Prolonged low oxygen saturation level < 92% could cause brain damage. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use.

Measure: Number of Participants With Oxygen Saturation Level < 92%

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Opioids can could induce nausea. Number of participants with nausea is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use.

Measure: Number of Participants With Nausea

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of race/ethnicity on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Effects of Race/Ethnicity on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid receptor (OPRM1, A118G). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The median and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Measure: Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Receptor (OPRM1, A118G) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Age might affect the responses to the hydromorphone treatment. The effects of age on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. The mean of age was compared in TBW tertile groups.

Measure: Effects of Age on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Opioids can induce low blood pressure. Prolonged low systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg can cause shock and multi-organ failure. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use.

Measure: Number of Participant With Systolic Blood Pressure < 90 mmHg

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between BMI and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Opioids can induce vomit. Number of participants with vomit is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use.

Measure: Number of Participants With Vomit

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Opioids can induce skin itching. Number of participants with skin itching is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use.

Measure: Number of Participants With Skin Itching

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient.

Measure: Association Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 15 Minutes Post-treatment

Time: 15 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid transporter (ABCB1, C3435T). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Measure: Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Transporter (ABCB1, C3435T) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving pain sensitivity (COMT, G1947A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Measure: Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Pain Sensitivity (COMT, G1947A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Description: This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Measure: Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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Other Outcomes

Description: Some participants liked to receive additional analgesics after hydromorphone treatment. Number of participants who desired for additional analgesics is reported.

Measure: Number of Participants Who Desired for More Analgesics

Time: 30 minutes post-treatment

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